When we explore Black American history, it’s important to recognize how cultural expression thrived even under the harsh conditions of slavery. Despite facing unimaginable challenges, Black individuals in the colonies found ways to express themselves through family, community, and creativity. This article focuses on Phillis Wheatley, an extraordinary poet who used her work to challenge the way people viewed Black intelligence and humanity.
Phillis Wheatley was born around 1753 in the Gambia River region of West Africa. At just eight years old, she was captured and taken across the Atlantic to the New World, where she was sold to John and Susanna Wheatley in New England. The Wheatleys, who were mourning the loss of their daughter, treated Phillis like a surrogate child, which highlights the complex nature of slavery.
Wheatley arrived in America during the Great Awakening, a religious movement focused on personal conversion and spiritual rebirth. Influenced by theologians like George Whitefield, she was exposed to new ideas that shaped her literary voice. Unlike many enslaved people, Phillis was given the chance to learn to read and write, becoming literate within four years of her arrival in Boston.
Wheatley’s big moment came in 1770 when she published a poem honoring George Whitefield. This poem launched her literary career and made her famous. Her work not only showcased her talent but also challenged the stereotypes of Black inferiority. Wheatley’s poetry became a symbol of the intellectual abilities of people of African descent, opposing the racist beliefs of her time.
Phillis Wheatley’s success was significant during the 18th century, a time when many white Americans viewed Black individuals as intellectually inferior. Her poetry forced society to confront these prejudices, as her eloquence and creativity contradicted the idea that Black people lacked the capacity for great thought and artistry. Historians note that Wheatley became a key figure in the anti-slavery movement, representing the potential of Black intellect and humanity.
Despite her achievements, Wheatley faced skepticism from some contemporaries, including Thomas Jefferson, who dismissed her work as inferior. His views reflected a broader societal reluctance to accept Black individuals as equals, highlighting the ongoing struggle for recognition and respect.
Phillis Wheatley passed away at the age of 31 on December 5, 1784, but her contributions to literature and culture have lasted. In 1773, she published “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral,” making her the first English-speaking Black woman to publish a book and the second American woman of any race to do so. Her visibility during the American Revolutionary Era made her a significant cultural figure, challenging assumptions about Black capabilities.
Wheatley’s legacy goes beyond her own time; she paved the way for future generations of Black writers and poets. Her influence can be seen in the works of notable figures such as Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, and contemporary artists like Kendrick Lamar. Wheatley’s ability to express the Black experience through poetry continues to resonate, reminding us of the resilience and brilliance of Black culture.
Phillis Wheatley’s life and work are a testament to the enduring spirit of Black creativity in the face of adversity. Her poetry not only challenged the narratives of her time but also established a legacy that would inspire countless others. While her achievements were remarkable, it’s important to remember that the humanity of Black individuals does not depend on their artistic contributions. Phillis Wheatley’s story is one of triumph, resilience, and the undeniable power of the human spirit.
Explore the themes and style of Phillis Wheatley’s poetry by writing your own poem. Choose a topic that resonates with you, perhaps related to resilience or overcoming challenges. Share your poem with the class and discuss how it reflects the themes present in Wheatley’s work.
Engage in a debate about the impact of Phillis Wheatley’s poetry on 18th-century society. Divide into two groups: one arguing that her work significantly challenged racial stereotypes, and the other suggesting that societal change was limited. Use historical evidence to support your arguments.
Research the influence of Phillis Wheatley on later Black writers and poets. Create a presentation that highlights how her work paved the way for figures like Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou. Discuss how her legacy continues to inspire contemporary artists.
Create a visual art piece that represents the themes of resilience and creativity in Black culture, as exemplified by Phillis Wheatley. Use any medium you prefer, such as painting, drawing, or digital art. Present your artwork to the class and explain its connection to Wheatley’s legacy.
Write an essay analyzing one of Phillis Wheatley’s poems. Focus on her use of language, themes, and the historical context of her work. Discuss how her poetry challenged societal norms and contributed to the anti-slavery movement.
Black – Relating to people of African descent, often used in historical contexts to discuss cultural and social issues. – The Harlem Renaissance was a pivotal moment in American history that celebrated Black culture and creativity.
Culture – The social behavior, norms, and practices that characterize a particular group or society. – The culture of ancient Greece has had a profound impact on Western literature and philosophy.
Poetry – A form of literary expression that uses rhythmic and aesthetic qualities of language to evoke meanings and emotions. – The Romantic poets used poetry to express their deep connection with nature and emotion.
Legacy – Something handed down from an ancestor or from the past, often referring to cultural or historical contributions. – The legacy of the Enlightenment is evident in modern democratic ideals and scientific advancements.
Slavery – The practice of owning people as property and forcing them to work without pay, a significant issue in history. – The abolition of slavery in the 19th century was a turning point in the fight for human rights.
Intelligence – The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills, often discussed in historical contexts regarding influential figures. – Albert Einstein’s intelligence revolutionized the field of physics with his theory of relativity.
Creativity – The use of imagination or original ideas to create something; inventiveness. – The creativity of Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci continues to inspire generations.
Stereotypes – Oversimplified and fixed ideas about a group of people, often leading to misconceptions and prejudice. – Literature often challenges stereotypes by presenting complex and diverse characters.
Literature – Written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit. – The literature of the 20th century reflects the social and political upheavals of the time.
History – The study of past events, particularly in human affairs. – Understanding history is crucial for learning from past mistakes and shaping a better future.
