When a team of archaeologists unearthed human remains dating back 15,000 years, they stumbled upon a fascinating discovery: the teeth of these ancient humans were riddled with cavities. Surprisingly, the cause of these cavities is the same culprit that plagues us today—tiny microbes residing in our mouths.
These microbes, which we acquire shortly after birth, often from our mothers, begin to colonize our mouths as our teeth emerge. The type and amount of food we consume, particularly sugar, can lead to an overpopulation of certain bacteria, resulting in cavities. Diets rich in sugary foods fuel the growth of mutans streptococci, a type of bacteria that thrives on sugar, using it as both a building block and an energy source. As they metabolize sugar, these bacteria produce acids, such as lactic acid, which are detrimental to our teeth.
While human teeth are protected by a robust enamel layer, this armor is no match for the acids produced by bacteria. Over time, these acids erode the enamel, leaching away its calcium minerals and creating a pathway for bacteria to invade the tooth’s secondary layer, the dentin. Initially, this damage is painless, but as the bacteria penetrate deeper, exposing nerves, the resulting pain can be excruciating. Without intervention, the entire tooth may become infected, necessitating removal.
Unlike modern diets, ancient humans consumed far less sugar, yet they still suffered from cavities. Their diets, while meat-heavy and low in sugar, also included root vegetables, nuts, and grains. These foods contain carbohydrates that, when broken down by saliva enzymes, convert into sugars, providing sustenance for harmful bacteria. Despite their lower sugar intake, ancient humans’ teeth were still vulnerable to decay.
Remarkably, archaeological evidence suggests that humans were addressing dental issues as far back as 14,000 years ago. They used sharpened flint to remove decayed tooth material and even crafted rudimentary drills to smooth out cavities. Beeswax was employed to fill these cavities, akin to modern dental fillings.
Today, we possess advanced tools and techniques to combat cavities, which is fortunate given our increased sugar consumption post-Industrial Revolution. This era made refined sugar more affordable and accessible, leading to a surge in cavities. Currently, an astounding 92% of American adults have experienced cavities.
While genetics can play a role in susceptibility to cavities, high sugar consumption remains a primary factor. However, we have developed methods to minimize cavities beyond reducing sugar and starch intake. Fluoride, found in most toothpastes and many water supplies, strengthens teeth by encouraging the growth of enamel crystals, bolstering defenses against acid. When cavities do occur, fillings are used to seal and protect the affected area.
The most effective way to prevent cavities is to reduce sugar intake and maintain good oral hygiene. Regular brushing, flossing, and avoiding sugary, starchy, and sticky foods that adhere to teeth between meals are crucial. Over time, these practices can reduce the population of sugar-loving microbes in the mouth.
Unlike our ancient ancestors, we now possess the knowledge and tools to prevent cavities. The key is to apply this knowledge effectively to avoid dental issues and maintain oral health.
Design a poster that illustrates how bacteria in the mouth cause cavities. Include diagrams showing the process of sugar consumption by bacteria and the production of acids that erode tooth enamel. Use colors and labels to make your poster engaging and informative.
In groups, create a short skit demonstrating how ancient humans might have used primitive tools to treat cavities. Use props like “sharpened flint” and “beeswax” to make your role-play realistic. Present your skit to the class and discuss the effectiveness of these ancient methods compared to modern dental practices.
Conduct an experiment to observe the effects of different foods on tooth enamel. Use eggshells as a substitute for teeth and soak them in various solutions like soda, fruit juice, and water. Record your observations over a week and create a report on which foods cause the most damage to the “enamel.”
Develop a daily oral hygiene routine and track your progress for two weeks. Include activities like brushing twice a day, flossing, and reducing sugar intake. Create a chart to record your routine and reflect on any changes you notice in your oral health. Share your experience with the class.
Prepare a list of questions about cavities and oral health to ask a local dentist. Topics can include the role of fluoride, the importance of regular dental check-ups, and tips for maintaining healthy teeth. Record the interview and present the key points to your classmates.
Cavities – Cavities are holes in the teeth caused by decay from bacteria that feed on sugar. – Many kids get cavities if they eat too much candy and don’t brush their teeth regularly.
Microbes – Microbes are tiny living organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, that can only be seen with a microscope. – Some microbes can make us sick, while others help us digest food.
Bacteria – Bacteria are a type of microbe that can be found everywhere, including in our mouths and on our skin. – Not all bacteria are bad; some are helpful and keep our bodies healthy.
Sugar – Sugar is a sweet substance that can be found in many foods and drinks, and too much can lead to tooth decay. – Eating too much sugar can cause cavities and other health problems.
Enamel – Enamel is the hard, outer layer of a tooth that protects it from decay. – Brushing your teeth helps keep the enamel strong and healthy.
Teeth – Teeth are hard structures in the mouth that help us chew food. – It’s important to take care of your teeth by brushing and flossing daily.
Diet – A diet is the food and drink that a person regularly consumes, which can affect their health. – Eating a balanced diet with fruits and vegetables is important for staying healthy.
Dental – Dental refers to anything related to teeth and oral health. – Regular dental check-ups can help prevent cavities and keep your teeth healthy.
Health – Health is the state of being free from illness or injury and having good physical and mental well-being. – Regular exercise and a good diet are important for maintaining good health.
Hygiene – Hygiene is the practice of keeping clean to prevent illness and maintain health. – Good hygiene, like washing your hands and brushing your teeth, helps keep you healthy.
