ClassX Video Lessons What causes yeast infections, and how do you get rid of them? – Liesbeth Demuyser
The vagina is home to a diverse array of microorganisms, with some, like Lactobacilli, playing a crucial role in maintaining its health. These beneficial bacteria produce acid, which lowers the vaginal pH, creating an environment that limits the survival of harmful pathogens and helps prevent infections. Among the various microorganisms, Candida yeasts are also present in small quantities. Typically harmless, these fungi are kept in check by the body’s immune system and the competitive presence of other microorganisms.
Under certain conditions, Candida yeasts can lead to infections. Candida albicans is the primary species responsible for vaginal thrush or yeast infections, affecting three out of every four individuals with a vagina. But how do these infections occur? Candida albicans are known for their ability to change form. When the vaginal balance is disrupted—due to increased pH or a reduction in competing microbes—these yeasts can transform into their pathogenic forms. They multiply and morph from rounded structures into elongated, thread-like forms called hyphae, secreting enzymes that degrade the epithelial cells lining the vagina and penetrate the tissue.
The body’s immune response to this invasion results in recognizable symptoms such as itching, burning, swelling, and redness. These symptoms may also be accompanied by changes in vaginal discharge, which becomes thicker and whiter as the vagina sheds more epithelial and Candida cells. Several factors can increase susceptibility to yeast infections, including antibiotic treatments and weakened immunity. Antibiotics, while targeting harmful bacteria, can also eliminate beneficial ones like Lactobacilli, allowing Candida to proliferate more easily.
Hormonal changes and diet can alter the vaginal microbiome, while semen, being relatively basic, can disrupt the vaginal pH. Tight, non-breathable, and wet clothing can trap moisture, creating an environment conducive to Candida growth. Additionally, soaps can damage the protective mucus lining the vagina, making it easier for Candida to invade. This is why many healthcare professionals recommend gently washing the vulva with water and wiping from front to back to prevent introducing more Candida and other harmful microbes.
Most yeast infections are mild and resolve within two weeks. Antifungal medications are typically effective, reducing the number of Candida cells and allowing the immune system and other microorganisms to regain control. Interestingly, some preliminary studies suggest that probiotics containing harmless yeasts used in brewing and baking may help keep Candida in check while reducing inflammation. However, some yeast infections require more extensive treatments. About 5 to 10% of individuals with vaginas experience at least four yeast infections a year, with genetics playing a role in some cases. Certain gene variants can make it harder for the immune system to recognize and regulate Candida cells.
Despite the prevalence of yeast infections, much remains unknown about the vaginal microbiome. This knowledge gap is likely due to stigma and underfunding in areas traditionally categorized under “women’s health.” For instance, erectile dysfunction, which affects a smaller percentage of people, has six times more research dedicated to it than vaginal yeast infections. Hopefully, future research will provide a better understanding of the complex microbial communities within us and how to maintain their balance effectively.
Research and create a detailed map of the vaginal microbiome. Identify and label the different microorganisms, including Lactobacilli and Candida. Explain their roles in maintaining vaginal health and how they interact with each other. Present your findings in a visual format, such as a poster or digital infographic.
Engage in a role-playing debate about the pros and cons of antibiotic use. One group will argue from the perspective of healthcare providers who prescribe antibiotics, while the other group will argue from the perspective of patients concerned about their impact on the vaginal microbiome. Use evidence from the article to support your arguments.
Analyze a case study of a patient with recurrent yeast infections. Identify the potential causes, symptoms, and treatment options discussed in the article. Propose a comprehensive plan for managing and preventing future infections, incorporating lifestyle changes and medical treatments.
Conduct an experiment to understand the impact of pH on microbial growth. Use different pH solutions to grow cultures of Lactobacilli and Candida in a controlled environment. Observe and record the growth patterns, and relate your findings to the information in the article about how pH affects the vaginal microbiome.
Investigate the potential benefits of probiotics in maintaining vaginal health. Research different probiotic strains and their effects on Candida and other microorganisms. Create a presentation or report summarizing your findings and suggest how probiotics could be used as a preventive measure against yeast infections.
Vagina – The muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus in females. – The vagina plays a crucial role in the reproductive system and serves as a passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth.
Microbiome – The collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that inhabit a particular environment, especially the human body. – The gut microbiome is essential for digestion and can influence overall health.
Candida – A type of yeast that can cause infections in humans, commonly found in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina. – An overgrowth of candida in the body can lead to conditions such as thrush or yeast infections.
Lactobacilli – A group of beneficial bacteria that are commonly found in the digestive, urinary, and genital systems, and are important for maintaining a healthy microbiome. – Lactobacilli help maintain the pH balance in the vagina, preventing infections.
Infections – The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. – Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, but it’s important to complete the prescribed course.
Symptoms – Any noticeable change in the body or its functions that indicates the presence of a disease or condition. – Common symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, and body aches.
Immune – Relating to the body’s defense system that protects against disease and foreign invaders. – A strong immune system is essential for fighting off infections and maintaining health.
Treatment – The management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease or condition. – Antibiotic treatment is often necessary for bacterial infections to prevent complications.
Probiotics – Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed, often by improving or restoring the gut flora. – Consuming probiotics can help restore the natural balance of bacteria in the gut after antibiotic treatment.
Health – The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. – Regular exercise and a balanced diet are important for maintaining good health.
