You are the captain of the Mallory 7, an interstellar cargo transport on its way to the New Lindley spaceport. Suddenly, you receive a distress call from the Telic 12, which has suffered an explosion and is running out of oxygen. Upon checking the manifest, you learn that the Telic 12 is carrying 30 middle-aged individuals from some of Earth’s poorest districts to the labor center on New Lindley. Before you can reach the Telic 12, you receive a second distress call from a luxury space cruiser called the Pareto, which has lost a thruster and is careening towards an asteroid belt. The Pareto is carrying 20 college students headed for vacation. With only enough time to save one ship, you are faced with a dilemma that is representative of a broader class of problems where life-saving resources, such as a donated organ or vaccine, are scarce. There are many schools of thought on how to approach these problems, an important one being utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism is an influential ethical view first developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. According to this view, one should choose the action which promises the greatest sum of happiness. However, defining and measuring happiness is a difficult task. Hedonists might argue that a happy life contains the most pleasure and least pain, while others might suggest that it is the life in which one’s desires are most fulfilled.
In order to determine which action would generate the most happiness, one must consider more than just how many lives would be saved. For example, if we assume a life expectancy of 80, saving the lives of students, with an average age of 20, saves 1,200 life years, while saving the lives of workers, with an average age of 45, saves 1,050. All things being equal, a longer life should promise a greater sum of happiness than a shorter one. Therefore, saving the smaller ship may actually generate more happiness than saving the larger one.
If we want to generate the most happiness, we may want to consider a different approach. Philosopher Derek Parfit suggests giving priority to the worse off, as benefits to those groups matter more than equivalent benefits to the well-off. It is more urgent to help those whose basic needs aren’t met, even if they are harder to help than those who are flourishing.
Determining which group is truly worse off can get complicated quickly. In our case, Earth is still beset by drastic inequalities in wealth and opportunity. Those able to afford a vacation on New Lindley and transport on a luxury cruiser are among the most well-off people on the planet, while the workers are among the most disadvantaged, traveling away from home for months at a time to perform service work. With fewer resources and opportunities, it is likely they have experienced more hardship in their lives than the vacationers, so maybe they are more deserving.
On one hand, there is the question of which group of passengers should be given priority in terms of rescue; the students, who have experienced less life overall, or the elderly, who have experienced more life but are more vulnerable? On the other hand, John Taurek argued that in these types of cases, the numbers don’t count. Each person is deserving of equal concern and respect, so the best way to decide which passengers to save is to flip a coin. While this might seem arbitrary at first, it is a fair approach as it gives each individual an equal chance of being rescued. It is difficult to say whether any of the passengers could argue that they are being treated unfairly by a coin flip, but it is possible that they, and you, may feel differently about the result.
Imagine you are the captain of the Mallory 7. You have to make a decision on which ship to save. Write a monologue expressing your thoughts, feelings, and the ethical considerations you are grappling with. Present your monologue to the class.
Divide into two groups. One group will argue for saving the Telic 12, the other for saving the Pareto. Use the principles of utilitarianism and the other ethical considerations discussed in the article to build your arguments. Each group will present their arguments, followed by a rebuttal from the opposing group.
Write an essay on the topic “Utilitarianism and its implications in decision making”. Use the scenario in the article as a case study. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of utilitarianism as an ethical theory.
Discuss in groups the concept of “giving priority to the worse off”. What are the pros and cons of this approach? How does it apply to the scenario in the article? Present your group’s findings to the class.
Reflect on the concept of “each person deserves equal concern and respect”. How does this concept challenge the principles of utilitarianism? Write a reflection paper on this topic, using examples from the article and your own life.
Utilitarianism – An ethical philosophy that claims that the best action is the one that maximizes overall utility, or wellbeing – Example sentence: Utilitarianism dictates that the most ethical decision is the one that benefits the most people.
Hedonism – A philosophical school of thought that holds pleasure as the highest good – Example sentence: Hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as a way of life.
Derek Parfit – A British philosopher and author of the book “Reasons and Persons” – Example sentence: Derek Parfit’s theory of personal identity has been discussed in many philosophical circles.
Jeremy Bentham – A British philosopher and founder of utilitarianism – Example sentence: Jeremy Bentham argued that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
John Stuart Mill – A British philosopher and proponent of utilitarianism – Example sentence: John Stuart Mill believed that human morality should be based on the principle of utility.
Mallory 7 – A planet located in the Mallory galaxy – Example sentence: Interstellar Cargo plans to deliver a shipment of goods to Mallory 7 this week.
Telic 12 – A planet in the Telic galaxy – Example sentence: Space Cruiser is planning to launch a mission to explore the planet Telic 12.
Pareto – A 20th-century Italian economist and sociologist who developed the concept of Pareto efficiency – Example sentence: According to Pareto, a situation is considered efficient if no one can be made better off without making another worse off.
Interstellar Cargo – A space transport company – Example sentence: Interstellar Cargo delivers goods to planets in the Mallory and Telic galaxies.
New Lindley – A planet in the Lindley galaxy – Example sentence: Space Cruiser is planning to launch a mission to explore the planet New Lindley.
Space Cruiser – A space exploration company – Example sentence: Space Cruiser has explored many planets in the Mallory and Telic galaxies.
Vacation – A period of leisure time away from work or school – Example sentence: Mark is excited to go on vacation next week and relax.
Life Expectancy – The average amount of time a person is expected to live – Example sentence: The current life expectancy for humans is about 78 years.
Life Years – A unit of measurement used to quantify the number of years a person is expected to live – Example sentence: Mark is expected to live for about 60 life years.
Basic Needs – The fundamental requirements that must be met in order to maintain physical and mental health – Example sentence: All people should have access to basic needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare.
Inequalities – The lack of equality between people or groups of people in terms of access to resources or opportunities – Example sentence: Inequalities in access to education and healthcare can lead to disparities in economic opportunities.
Wealth – A large amount of money, goods, or property – Example sentence: Mark’s family has accumulated a large amount of wealth over the years.
Opportunity – A chance to do something – Example sentence: Mark is excited about the opportunity to go on vacation next week.
Service Work – Work that involves performing services for others – Example sentence: Mark has been doing service work as a waiter for the past few years.
John Taurek – A philosopher and author of the book “Should the Baby Live?” – Example sentence: John Taurek’s work on medical ethics has been widely discussed in philosophical circles.
Coin Flip – A method of making a decision by randomly selecting one of two options – Example sentence: Mark and Sarah decided to let the coin flip decide who will get to go on vacation this year.
Respect – A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements – Example sentence: Mark has a lot of respect for his parents and their hard work.
Fairness – The quality of being just, equitable, and impartial – Example sentence: Mark believes that everyone should be treated with fairness and respect.
